Unit 21: Film Editing

Learning Aim A

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Types

What is a shot?

A shot is a series of frames that runs for an uninterrupted period of time.

What is editing?

Editing is the process of selecting and preparing written, photographic, visual, audible, or cinematic material used by a person or an entity to convey a message or information.

What is a sequence?

A sequence is an edited assembly of audio and video clips and can be exported independently as movies or clips, but they can't be saved separately from a project.

What is the role of an editor?

A film editor is a mechanic who removes the unneeded and fits pieces of film together to make a finished movie.

What is continuity editing?

Continuity editing is the process of editing together different but related shots to give viewers the experience of a consistent story in both time and space.

What is non-continuity editing?

Non-continuity editing is when shots are mismatched to disrupt the impression of time and space. This draws the audiences' attention to the process of cutting and disturbs the illusion of 'reality'.

What is montage editing?

Montage is a film editing technique in which a series of short shots are sequenced to condense space, time, and information.

History

Louie Le Prince | 1841 - 1890

Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince, born 28th August 1841 - 16th September 1897 was a French artist and the inventor of an early motion-picture camera, possibly the first person to shoot a moving picture sequence using a single lens camera and a strip of film. He has been credited as "Father of Cinematography" but his work did not influence the commercial development of cinema—owing at least in part to the great secrecy surrounding it.

Le Prince's motion-picture experiments culminated in 1888 in Leeds, England. In October of that year, he filmed moving-picture sequences of family members in Roundhay Garden and his son playing the accordion, using his single-lens camera and Eastman's paper negative film. At some point in the following eighteen months he also made a film of Leeds Bridge.

Films that he directed:

Man Walking Around a Corner - 1887

Traffic Crossing Leeds Bridge - 1888

Accordion Player - 1888

Roundhay Garden Scene - 1888

Sources from Wikipedia

Thomas Edison | 1847 - 1931

Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince, born 11th February 1847 - 18th October 1931 was a French artist and the inventor of an early motion-picture camera, possibly the first person to shoot a moving picture sequence using a single lens camera and a strip of film.

He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventions, which include the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and early versions of the electric light bulb, have had a widespread impact on the modern industrialised world. He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of organised science and teamwork to the process of invention, working with many researchers and employees. He established the first industrial research laboratory.

Films that he directed:

The Execution of Mary Stuart - 1895

The Kiss - 1896

Frankenstein - 1910

Sources from Wikipedia

George Melies | 1861 - 1938

Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès, born 8th December 1861 - 21st January 1938 was a French illusionist, actor, and film director who led many technical and narrative developments in the earliest days of cinema.
Méliès was well known for the use of special effects, popularising such techniques as substitution splices, multiple exposures, time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted colour. He was also one of the first filmmakers to use storyboards. His films include A Trip to the Moon (1902) and The Impossible Voyage (1904), both involving strange, surreal journeys somewhat in the style of Jules Verne, and are considered among the most important early science fiction films, though their approach is closer to fantasy.

Films that they directed:

A Trip to the Moon - 1902

Sources from Wikipedia

Lumiere Brothers | 1862/1864 - 1948/1954

The Lumière brothers, Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière and Louis Jean Lumière, were manufacturers of photography equipment, best known for their Cinématographe motion picture system and the short films they produced between 1895 and 1905, which places them among the earliest filmmakers.

The brothers stated that "the cinema is an invention without any future" and declined to sell their camera to other filmmakers such as Georges Méliès. This made many film makers upset. Consequently, their role in the history of film was exceedingly brief. In parallel with their cinema work they experimented with colour photography

Films that they directed:

Roundhay Garden Scene - 1888

Sources from Wikipedia

Edwin S. Porter | 1870 - 1941

Edwin Stanton Porter, born 21st April 1870 - 30th April 1941 was an American film pioneer, most famous as a producer, director, studio manager and cinematographer with the Edison Manufacturing Company and the Famous Players Film Company.
Porter entered motion picture work in 1896, the first year movies were commercially projected on large screens in the United States. He was briefly employed in New York City by Raff & Gammon, agents for the films and viewing equipment made by Thomas Edison, and then left to become a touring projectionist with a competing machine, Kuhn & Webster's Projector scope. He travelled through the West Indies and South America, showing films at fairgrounds and in open fields. He later made a second tour through Canada and the United States.

Some films that he directed:

The Great Train Robbery - 1903

Life of an American Fireman - 1903

Sources from Wikipedia

D.W Griffith | 1875 - 1948

David Wark Griffith, born 22nd January 1875 - 23rd July 1948 was an American film director. Considered one of the most influential figures in the history of the motion picture, he pioneered many aspects of film editing and expanded the art of the narrative film.
In 1908, Griffith accepted a role as a stage extra in Professional Jealousy for the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, where he met cameraman Billy Bitzer, and his career in the film industry changed forever. In 1908, Biograph's main director Wallace McCutcheon Sr. grew ill, and his son Wallace McCutcheon Jr. took his place. McCutcheon Jr. did not bring the studio success;[9] Biograph co-founder Harry Marvin gave Griffith the position, and he made the short The Adventures of Dollie. He directed a total of 48 shorts for the company that year.

Films that he directed:

The Birth of a Nation - 1915

Sources from Wikipedia

Rouben Mamoulian | 1897 - 1987

Rouben Zachary Mamoulian. born 8th October 1897 - 4th December 1987 was an Armenian-American film director, film producer and a theatre director. Mamoulian is widely regarded as one of the most influential filmmakers in cinema history.

Mamoulian was born in Tbilisi, Georgia (ruled at that time by the Russian Empire), to an Armenian family. His mother Virginia (née Kalantarian) (1876–1972) was a director of the Armenian theatre, and his father Zachary Mamoulian (1866–1966) was a bank president. Mamoulian moved to England and started directing plays in London in 1922. He was brought to the United States the next year by Vladimir Rosing to teach at the Eastman School of Music and was involved in directing opera and theatre.

Films that he directed:

Queen Christina - 1933

Blood and Sand - 1941

Sources from Wikipedia

Lev Kuleshov | 1899 - 1970

Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov, born 13th January 1899 - 29th March 1970 was a Russian and Soviet filmmaker and film theorist, one of the founders of the world's first film school, the Moscow Film School. He was given the title People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1969.

After directing his last film in 1943, Kuleshov served as an artistic director and an academic rector at VGIK where he worked for the next 25 years. He was a member of the jury at the 27th Venice International Film Festival, as well as a special guest during other international film festivals.

Lev Kuleshov died in Moscow in 1970. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. He was survived by his wife Aleksandra Khokhlova (1897–1985) – an actress, film director and educator, granddaughter of Pavel Tretyakov and Sergey Botkin – and Aleksandra's son Sergei from her first marriage.

Films that he directed:

The Extraordinary Adventures - 1924

The Death Ray - 1925

Sources from Wikipedia

Alfred Hitchcock | 1899 - 1980

Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE, born 13th August 1899 - 29th April 1980 was an English filmmaker who was one of the most influential figures in the history of cinema. In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 feature films, many of which are still widely watched and studied today.

In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 feature films, many of which are still widely watched and studied today. Known as the "Master of Suspense", he became as well known as any of his actors thanks to his many interviews, his cameo roles in most of his films, and his hosting and producing the television anthology Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955–65). His films garnered 46 Academy Award nominations, including six wins, although he never won the award for Best Director despite five nominations.

Hitchcock initially trained as a technical clerk and copy writer before entering the film industry in 1919 as a title card designer.

Films that he directed:

Rope - 1948

Psycho - 1960

Sources from Wikipedia

Steven Spielberg | 1946-

Steven Allan Spielberg, born 18th December 1946, is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. He began his career in the New Hollywood era and is currently the most commercially successful director. In addition to filmmaking, he co-founded Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks, and has served as a producer for many television series and films. Spielberg is also known for his long time collaboration with composer John Williams, with whom he has worked for all but five of his feature films. Several of Spielberg's works are among the highest-grossing films of all time and have received acclaim; seven of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Films that he directed:

West Side Story - 2021

The BFG - 2016

Sources from Wikipedia

Narrative

Enigma Codes

The Enigma Code is simply a theory that suggests a text (whether that can be television, film or a poster) portrays a mystery to draw an audience in.

Non-linear

A non-linear narrative is a narrative technique in which the storyline is told out of chronological order.

Serial Narrative

The first and most essential quality of a serial narrative is that it has to be immensely and intensely and inescapably readable. Other stories in the newspaper are not judged by their readability.

Flexi-Narratve

This type of narrative tends to have complex characters that are ambiguous which creates tension and mystery. A good example of this type of flexi-narrative would be the crime drama, River.

Linear

Linear narrative is the most common form of narration, where events are largely portrayed in a chronological order, that is, telling the events in the order in which they occurred.

Multi-Strand Narratives

Many works are made up of multiple narrative strands. Instead of a single hero and a group of supporting characters, a narrative with multiple strands can have two or more isolated groups of characters existing at once.

Series Narrative

A narrative, story or tale is any account of a series of related events or experiences, whether nonfictional (memoir, biography, news report, documentary, travelogue, etc.) or fictional (fairy tale, fable, legend, thriller, novel, etc.).

Episodic Drama

A story composed of separate incidents (or episodes) tied loosely together. A story is created from a series of related episodes. A fiction is said to be episodic if the episodes fall into no logical relationship.

Unrestricted Narrative

Unrestricted narration is when the viewer knows more than the character (but seldom everything), which helps build suspense.

Restricted Narrative

Restricted narration is seen when a movie is filmed from the point of view of only one character making it, due to this us as the audience only know as much as they do.

Techniques

Straight Cut

A term used for when the editor switches directly from one shot, to the next shot.

Transitions:

A stylized technique used to replace a straight cut from one shot, to the next shot

Fades

A fade in video editing becomes a fade when the entire frame of a shot is completely black.

Washes

A wash becomes a wash when the entire frame of a shot becomes enveloped in color.

Dissolve

A dissolve, also called a lap dissolve, is a gradual transition from one image to another, with the first image beginning to disappear as the second image gradually appears.

Cross-Cutting

Cross-cutting is an editing technique most often used in films to establish action occurring at the same time, and often in the same place.

Quick Cuts

Wipes

A wipe transition is a transition technique used in post-production editing in which one shot replaces another by moving or “wiping” from one side of the frame to another.

Parallel Editing

Parallel editing is a video editing technique used in post-production in which separate scenarios are intercut together to present a storyline from multiple perspectives.

Fast paced straight cuts which are used to help create energy in action scenes

Long Takes

Elliptical Editing

Used to compress the amount of time a visual text plays out (not in real time)

A one take shot, that continues for a particularly long time before a cut or transition is used

Cut-Ins

Cut-ins emphasise a particular part of a scene, offering a close-up or detailed view of a specific point-of-focus.

J-Cut

Cutaway

A shot, or series of shots, that cut to the location in order to help establish the scenes surroundings

A J-cut is just the reverse of an L-cut. The audio from the following scene plays over video from the preceding footage.

Match on Action

A match cut is an edit in cinematography that uses elements of one scene in the transition to the next scene.

Reaction Shot

A reaction shot is a shot which cuts away from the main scene in order to show the reaction of a character to it, a basic unit of film grammar.

30-degree rule

The 30-degree rule is a basic film editing guideline that states the camera should move at least 30 degrees relative to the subject between successive shots of the same subject.

Jump Cut

A jump cut is an editing technique that cuts between two sequential shots. In these shots, the camera position doesn't change (or only changes a small amount), but the subjects move, giving the appearance of jumping around frame. Jump cuts give the effect of moving forward through time.

Freeze Frame

A freeze frame is when a single frame of content shows repeatedly on the screen—"freezing" the action.

Split Screen

A cinema, television, or computer screen on which two or more separate images are displayed.

Flash Forward

A flashforward is a scene that temporarily takes the narrative forward in time from the current point of the story in literature, film, television and other media.

L-Cut

An L-cut is when the audio from the preceding scene continues to play over the footage from the following scene.

Eyeline Match

A shot which cuts to an object or person that a character was looking at in the previous shot

Shot/Reverse Shot

The shot/reverse shot is a film technique that involves two characters in the same scene who are filmed separately using different camera angles.

Establishing Shot

An establishing shot is the first shot in a scene that provides an overview of the setting.

180-degree rule

Under the 180-degree rule, the camera can move anywhere on its side, but it should not pass over the axis.

Graphic Match

A graphic match (as opposed to a graphic contrast or collision) occurs when the shapes, colors and/or overall movement of two shots match in composition, either within a scene or, especially, across a transition between two scenes.

Slow Motion

Slow motion is an effect in film-making whereby time appears to be slowed down.

Flashback

A flashback is a transition in a story to an earlier time, that interrupts the normal chronological order of events.

Purposes

1. Manipulating the sense of time:

Flashback can take you back in time which manipulates the sense of time. Montage editing includes random unrelated shots that happen in non chronological order which can be used to manipulate the sense of time. Jump Cuts cuts between two sequential shots and gives the effect of moving forward in time.

2. Controlling the perception of space to create a logical believable space between characters:

To create a logical and believable space the techniques that would be useful is the 180 degree rule because the cameras stay in a stationary position and shots stay the same in opposite sides of the scene and angles as well. I will also use cutaway to show the surroundings in the scene to make it somewhat believable and to not make it seem boring if it's focused on a specific area for the entire scene. I will also use Match on Action to control the space as continuity can be used to show off the characters and the environment.

3. Controlling rhythm and pace control the flow of production:

Jump Cuts is something that editors would use to control the use of time in order to get the rhythm and pace. Montage editing can be used for rhythm and pace as well.

4. Creating a narrative through motivation (motivated editing):

For motivated editing, techniques such as a Straight Cut would be accurate as it cuts from one scene to the next.

5. Creating a sense of Drama through the withholding of information:

For drama, I'd say a Quick Cut because this would make the drama seem dramatic. I would also use straight cuts as it cuts straight to the action.

6. Embracing continuity between different shots:

For this, I would use Eyeline Match to show continuity through the scenes, I would also use cross-cutting for this instance.

7. Engaging the viewer through suspense and causing audience reaction:

To engage the viewer, the techniques you would use would be Quick Cuts as it would create energy so therefore I'd create suspense as well. A straight cut which will jump straight to the action to keep the audience engaged and Match on Action to allow the audience to follow with the characters through continuity to create suspense.

8. Form meaning by juxtaposing elements within editing and creating a sense of personal connection and empathy with a character:

For this I would use reaction shots so that It would show the characters NVC in more detail and we can see their emotion, for instance if they are sad then we would be feeling a sense of empathy for the character.

Learning Aim B

Continuity - Experiment

Continuity - Sequence

SHOOTING SCRIPT

SCRIPT

STORYBOARD

DEVELOPMENT PORTFOLIO

Non-Continuity - Experiment

Non-Continuity - Sequence

SHOOTING SCRIPT

SCRIPT

STORYBOARD

DEVELOPMENT PORTFOLIO

Learning Aim C

horror trailer

PLANNING

NARRATIVE BREAKDOWN

SHOOTING SCRIPT

SCRIPT

STORYBOARD

VIDEO LOG SHEET

EVALUATION

When creating this horror trailer, I am confident in saying that I have made some very unique and distinctive shots and edits when making this trailer that I am proud of overall. During post-production, I've asked my peers and my teachers for feedback various times with my horror trailer and due to those feedbacks that I was given, I rectified my trailer, conducting the changes suggested with regards to filming, editing, captions and etc to to ensure my trailer has the best satisfaction rate for all my audiences. I've started planning for this trailer back in early February, and commenced filming in the February half-term, using my planning files to help me do this.
For my horror trailer, I developed some amazing creative and technical choices that has made my trailer look not only engaging, but professional, well made and of course terrifying. For example, when we see the antagonist for the first time in my trailer, we can see red flickering lights flashing at him when he turns around to reveal himself to the audience. This worked really well because it helps the audience to establish who is the threat in the movie and this will give the audience a creepy and sinister first impression of the villain's status and lifestyle. I decided to use red for the lights flickering because the colour red has connotations of danger, violence and horror and having known the genre is horror, it seemed like a suitable colour to introduce the audience to the villain which will start off the disequilibrium with an eerie and an unsettling vibe.

For the film trailer code and conventions, I followed them to ensure that my trailer looks as good as a real horror trailer. For my trailer, I included my own music that I downloaded online (non copyright and royalty free) The sound I chose was suitable for my trailer because the beats and the pace of the music syncs in well with the shots in my trailer which creates a sense of suspense for the audience which is conventional for what a horror trailer needs. For example, at 00:37 in my trailer, Jamil punches Darrel 3 times. Within those 3 punches there was 3 beats in the music which were in sync with the punches. This was effective because those beats made it look like the punches were part of the music and engaging with it. Also from 00:48 - 00:54, you can hear a suspense rising sound effect here, I added this sound effect because coming towards the end of the trailer, I wanted everything to be complete chaos, so I felt using a sound effect would help immerse the audience into the action that is going on with Tarik and Darrel going at each other as the climax reaches its peak. Having being given feedback from my peers, they thought this was really impressive that I've manage to edit my shots really well with the music. In general, for sound, my trailer music syncs in really well, After I downloaded my horror music sound I had to make some edits into it in order for the music to flow well with the shots. After 2 sessions of editing, I managed to successfully incorporate my sound into the shots and in the end it worked really well. For my production company, I labelled my studio name as 'Ultra Supernatural Studios'. I chose his name because the word Supernatural is a sub-genre for Horror and having used this word for my production company, it will give audiences an impression that my production company produces horror films and will attract the right audiences who enjoy the genre. I included a flickering light behind my production company logo to give the audience a tense sneak peak of what type of films come to my production company. After completing this, and having looking back on this before writing this evaluation, it looks chilling to see the logo of the company with the lights flickering in the background.

For the narrative, I followed Todorov's Narrative Structure which consists of Equilibrium, Disequilibrium, Recognition, Attempts and Resolution. The narrative for my trailer is about three characters getting the last tickets to the last ever cinema showing to see Spider-Man but a masked man appears and watches them walk away from the cinema with the tickets. The masked man comes up with a plan to stalk them the very next day and attack them at some point when they least expect it. After the masked man attacks the characters, with one of them dead, both characters are seeking revenge on the person responsible for the attack.
The protagonist and antagonist have a huge fight in the field of the school which leads to deadly consequences.
I feel like the narrative was quite good, however I feel like I could have improved by adding more gore scenes. My sub-genre for my trailer was initially going to be Slasher, but since there was hardly any blood or highly graphic scenes, I had to change it to Thriller as I feel my trailer matches the requirements more for Thriller rather than Slasher. One of the problems with my trailer is that my trailer lack an element of fear, when I got people to watch it, the most common criticism I'd get is that it wasn't scary at all and it felt like an action movie than a horror movie with repetitive fighting scenes. This wouldn't scare or freak out my audience and its not conventional for a horror trailer and I didn't want that. So in response to this criticism, I made the decision to re-film and edit out some shots that seemed dull and repetitive or if it the shot was too dark or too light and instead I added more violent shots to make it more horror-like, so it would be even better and to show to my audience that I have a willingness to improve.

The use of pace was really efficient after the first six shots of my trailer because that was when my trailer started to get faster as it was approaching the climax. After the sixth shot, the trailer started to drift to non-continuity. I feel like I did really well in the non-continuity part of the trailer because I used random shots that were all action-packed and followed the narrative as stated in my narrative breakdown. I felt like this would be needed because it is conventional and is something to be expected with trailers in this type of genre. I've conducted some research into horror and thriller by watching trailers and I've discovered that they all have a tension build up sound effect towards the end. I added this to do the exact same thing as the shots got faster towards the end to reach out to my audience who love horror and have expectations of what to expect which will help me to increase my target audience.

For my captions, I put 'THIS AUTUMN', 'EXPERIENCE HORROR LIKE NEVER BEFORE'. I chose these captions because I feel like they are simple to read and it won't distract my audience from the action. For my Film Tagline I put 'UNDERESTIMATING SOMEONE IS THE FASTEST WAY TO DIE'. I added this because the film tagline sums up what the characters do in the film, they underestimated the villain and they got the biggest shock they've ever experienced. For my Film Title, I decided to name it 'THE UNIDENTIFIED' because of the antagonist, His NVC is not shown at all in the trailer and his weird and menacing behaviour will give the audience an impression that he does not want to be identified and he is a mysterious person. This is what inspired me to give my film that name. I also added a slow mirror animation for the captions to make them interesting and immersive to my audience and for them to get a creepy impression of my horror trailer as the text slowly falls down on the screen.

I used various of editing techniques in my horror trailer. One of the techniques I have used is colour grading. Here is an example of one of my editing techniques:

Before

After

As you can see from the pictures above, it shows the edit of the Establishing Shot of Darrel's house. In the before shot, the house seemed very bright which is not what I wanted. For horror movies, most shots are quite dark and eerie so what I did to improve this shot is by decreasing the shadow by -100.0 to make the environment look abandoned and as you can see in the after shot, it looks much more darker and scarier which is what my intended purpose was meant to be. I also adjusted the exposure to make sure this shot wasn't too dark and was visible for everyone too see. Out of the 32 shots that I've done, I feel like it's one of my best shots because the way the lights flicker on and off here creates a spooky atmosphere as we are introduced to the villain of the film.

Also, after this shot, the next scene was Darrel turning around with red flickering lights. The inside scenes of Darrel's house was filmed in a different location rather than it being filmed in that building. For this, the editing technique that I used is cross-cutting because they are happening at the same time and are identical shots but are happening at different places. This is evident because as these shots are cohesive as they follow the same colour scheme as we can see the colour red in both shots. This was effective because it will make the audience think that these shots are the same by the flashing of lights in the building, with the same thing happening inside as well that they are both identical.

For my trailer, almost all of the shots have been edited to have a darker tone than when they were originally recorded. I edited most my shots to have a darker than originally recorded because I wanted my trailer to have a sense of cohesion, meaning from the disequilibrium onwards I wanted the shots to have a darker colour scheme to look sinister and to symbolise that nothing will ever be the same for these three characters. This is effective as it will make the audience have empathy for them for what they've gone through which I feel like I've done this very well. It started to get even darker as soon as the antagonist started to stalk the characters. I decided to edit the tone the tone after the first caption from 00:20 onwards because the use of the darker tone will create an unsettling and uncomfortable atmosphere for the audience, the music going slow also helped to contribute levels of suspense, paranoia and uncertainty for the audience. This helped to making these shots tense and epic which is something that I did well in here.

Another editing technique that I done is montage editing. When the shots started to get faster, the factor of non-continuity was played here. When I edited it for the first time, the shot seemed to be identical to each other. Thankfully this editing mistake was resolved in the early stages of post-production as my teacher told me to randomise the footage. For example, From 00:36 - 00:54, It shows different types of shots in the film. Whilst editing this video, I showed good levels of non-continuity here as the action kicks off, this will make the audience feel excited with all the action going on and also creeped out of the cruelty of the antagonist's actions. This is evident as they were all random yet the narrative is understandable. I asked my peers in class to watch it and give me feedback, most was good feedback, however, the only bit of criticism I got was that some of the shots was too random that It didn't make sense. In response to this, I went out to film more violent action scenes and stunts in order for my shots to be accurate to my narrative of the film.

Another one of my editing that personally I feel like it was the best I've ever done was the Jump Scare.

The editing technique that I used for this was Quick Cuts. I decided to use quick cuts for the jump scare at the end of my trailer simply because It is quite rare to see this technique in jumpscares in horror movies from what I saw. I wanted my trailer to to be unique and different from so I decided to have a series of quick cuts of Darrel (the antagonist) being crazy in his house which would be very scary. The shots included Darrel running towards the camera, throwing a chair, staring at the camera and changing positions.

Quick cuts is a technique that would hype the viewer so I thought including it in my horror trailer, alongside a glitching sound effect with a woman screaming would make give the audience an impression that Darrel is not to be messed with as he is unpredictable and unidentified; Hence the film title, 'The Unidentified' After showing my jumpscare to my peers and to my teachers, they thought it was really creative, unique and something they've haven't seen before. I feel like this shot was a good addition to the trailer.

Lastly for the film credits, what I changed was the font. Here is an example:

As you can see from the pictures above, it shows the different fonts for the film credits. I changed the font because looked really chunky and a bit unprofessional. The new font is so much better because it feels the space of the screen and it also allows me to add in more words. In the before section, I could hardly fit a lot of words in a section, with the new font, I can structure the credits in a realistic way as I can fit as much words as I want, as you can see in the after section I typed in 'Directed by Joshua Asika' I couldn't do this with the old font as there wasn't enough space. The new font fills up the entire space which will be good for the audience as they can easily read the credits without a problem. As you can see in both pictures, I added a red shadow behind the pictures, I did this because the film is based of the protagonist (Darrel) and we mainly see him with red flashing lights in the trailer so I felt that the colour scheme of the film title should be red in order for my trailer to follow a sense of cohesion and to create an eerie experience for the audience.

Before

After

When filming my horror trailer, one of the notable shots that I've filmed that works well with the horror genre was the shot of Darrel (the antagonist) in the night. This shot worked well because usually night time is stereotyped to be dangerous, so I thought by having Darrel just standing on the quiet dark streets alone, it would give the audience an impression that he is not afraid of anything and he is extremely dangerous. Also for all of my shots, Darrel's face is covered in with either a black mask or a scarf. I added this feature on my antagonist because that would make the audience suggest that he doesn't want his identity to be found. These shots are good for horror as it shows someone who is anonymous to society and will bring the stereotypes that he is not to be messed with.

Another shot that was good for horror genre was the Over the Shoulder shot of Darrel stalking the characters at 00:21. This shot was really good as it proves that Darrel's character is truly a psycho and a menace. The shot shows all three characters walking out of Morrisons happy and safe and the camera pans to Darrel stalking them and waiting for an opportunity to brutally attack them. This may be quite upsetting and unsettling for the audiences as the three characters all seem so innocent and unaware of what's coming to them. This shot would be good for the horror/thriller genre as we see Darrel's character development escalating rapidly as we see what he is actually capable of.

For my horror trailer, my target audience was set mainly to 16-35 year olds. This is because this age group would seem more into horror than any age group. I am targeting people who have interest to the sub-genre which is Thriller and someone who enjoy Horror films. With regards to the brief, I can confidently say that I have met it efficiently as the trailer is 1 minute long, it belongs to the Horror/Thriller genre and it targets audiences from the ages of 16-35 and it has both continuity and non continuity. My intended purpose for this horror trailer was for it to be conventional for what qualities a horror trailer needs. I also wanted it to be scary, immersive, fast-pased, cohesive and have a good level of continuity and non-continuity and to reach out to my target audience which is aged 16-35 and to people who have enjoy Horror and Thriller.
I believe my trailer has succeeded with its intended purposes and the audiences response throughout this process was mainly good with some improvements made due to feedback that I was given to make my horror trailer even better for all my audiences to enjoy. Overall, I strongly believe that my target audience would love this trailer, the use of the editing choices and unique shots has helped made my trailer engaging for them and having made the necessary improvements and changes made in order for the final outcome to be the best it can be. An even better if is that I should've added more graphic scenes so I don't have to divert to a different sub-genre due to not meeting the requirements, Having learnt from this experience, in the future I will carefully follow requirements of a certain genre for filming and editing and make sure I abide with it as accurately as possible.